| Feature | Bulging Disc | Herniated Disc |
| Annulus Intact? | ✅ Yes | ❌ Torn or ruptured |
| Nucleus Displacement | ❌ No | ✅ Yes |
| Size | Broad-based, often >25% of disc | Focal, usually <25% of disc |
| Symptoms | Often none or mild | More likely to cause nerve compression |
| Common Cause | Degeneration, aging | Trauma, degeneration, lifting injury |
