Urgical procedure that permanently joins two or more vertebrae in the lower back (lumbar spine) so they heal into one solid bone. This eliminates painful motion between vertebrae and can stabilize the spine.
Indications
Degenerative disc disease
Spondylolisthesis (slipped vertebra)
Spinal instability
Severe spinal arthritis
Spinal stenosis with instability
Fractures, tumors, or infections of the spine
Failed previous back surgery
| Timeframe | What to Expect |
| 0–2 weeks | Pain, fatigue; walking starts; pain meds |
| 2–6 weeks | Gradual return to light activities |
| 6–12 weeks | Physical therapy begins (core, flexibility) |
| 3–6 months | Bone fusion begins; restrictions ease |
| 6–12 months | Solid fusion forms; return to full activity for most |
Success Rate
- Around 70–90% report significant pain relief and improved function
- Best results seen in those with clear instability or disc collapse
